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      • Open Access Article

        1 - The Comparison and Analysis of Post-Colonial Manifestations in Tayeb Salih “Season of Migration to the North” and Simin Daneshvar “Savushun” Novels
        Reza ناظميان maryam shokuhinia
        The effect of colonialism on the Third World is always under consideration in works of worldwide authors and poets. Post-Colonial Literature attempts to fight against colonialism by offering a true picture and clarifying the truth behind the matter. One of the most cert More
        The effect of colonialism on the Third World is always under consideration in works of worldwide authors and poets. Post-Colonial Literature attempts to fight against colonialism by offering a true picture and clarifying the truth behind the matter. One of the most certain purposes of Post-Colonialism theory is to understand the method of Colonialism approach in forming identities of colonialist and colonized to fight against this ideology. Iran and Sudan are among the countries that were under predominance of colonialism in some past periods. “Simin Daneshvar” and “Tayeb Salih” are among the contemporary Iranian and Sudanese authors who use Post-Colonialism novel framework to unmask and uncover historical truths about fighting against colonialists. Current study reviews and examines mentioned novels in their own time with Post-Colonialism point of view; it also examines consequences of Colonialism in Iran and Arab World using Analytic-Descriptive method. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        2 - An Approach in Criticism and Analysis of Islamic Revolution Novels Focusing on Criticizing Novels by Reza Amir Khani
        fateme shekardast fateme kouppa mostafa gorji محمدرضا  سنگری
        The study is a meta-analysis and a special current to arrive at the quality of presence in Persian Fictional Literature i.e. “Islamic Revolution Literature”. This meta-analysis has a functionalist direction that in triangle of bibliography, movement-graphy, and patholog More
        The study is a meta-analysis and a special current to arrive at the quality of presence in Persian Fictional Literature i.e. “Islamic Revolution Literature”. This meta-analysis has a functionalist direction that in triangle of bibliography, movement-graphy, and pathology seeks to arrive at an analytic method in reviewing criticisms to access the universal perspective in domain of criticism which explains the rate of presence in a special literary current in the environment of Iran Fiction Literature. Moreover, the meta-analysis can be effective in correct identifying of criticism, monitoring its weaknesses and fortes and introducing the gaps and harms of criticism. The under review sample in this meta-analysis contain the novels of “Reza Amir Khani” as one of the most famous author of Islamic Revolution Literary Current and assesses the function of these novels through the quality and quantity perspective of critics. Introduction defines Islamic Revolution Literature, its criticism and functions and the indicatives of the criticism of the criticism. Then the author and novels are introduced and their critics (in form of research article, promotive article, special article, descriptive article and hobby article) are reviewed and analyzed; then these analyses are meta-analyzed from different perspectives and finally stated in form of tables and charts. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        3 - Satire Techniques Representations in Theme Structure of “Farhad Hasan Zade's” Stories
          حسين  ادهمي
        Farhad Hasan Zade (Born in 1341/1962) is one of the satirists whose works are mostly within the domain of Children and Adolescent Literature. His satire stories are mainly taken from social realities enriched with social themes and a moderate criticism and represent soc More
        Farhad Hasan Zade (Born in 1341/1962) is one of the satirists whose works are mostly within the domain of Children and Adolescent Literature. His satire stories are mainly taken from social realities enriched with social themes and a moderate criticism and represent social affairs and problems. He uses satire techniques in these stories which show his mastery on common methods and patterns of satire writing. The article reviews three story collections by Farhad Hasan Zade and investigates his methods in satire writing. First section of the article introduces satire techniques in these stories and second section reviews the representation and frequency of these techniques in different parts of stories’ themes. Based on findings of this article, although Hasan Zade’s satire techniques impact on story elements like space, characterization, tone, style, language and so on, the representations of these techniques are obvious in structure of stories’ themes. These techniques are located in narration flow of stories by being present in different parts of theme (start, inconstancy, expansion, climax point, problem solving and end); they are parts of story body in climax and end points. Reviewing the frequency of representation of these techniques in different parts of theme, we may come to these conclusions: “start” and “expansion” in different parts of stories’ theme have more variety and frequency than satire techniques and in “end” point of story “raid” and “satire turn” techniques have more frequencies. The article reviews these findings and explains the relation between these techniques and structure of themes in Hasan Zade stories with descriptive-analytic method in which statistical data, tables and charts were used too. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        4 - Analyzing the Concept of Social, Philosophical and Political Critiques In Series of Poetries of Qeysar Aminpour
        هاجر  آزاد mostafa gorji
        Qeysar Aminpour is one of the most famous and distinctive artists of Iran’s Contemporary Literature who had tried to compose poem in different areas and poesy forms. He is a critical poet and his poems involves social criticism with philosophical background from 1980s w More
        Qeysar Aminpour is one of the most famous and distinctive artists of Iran’s Contemporary Literature who had tried to compose poem in different areas and poesy forms. He is a critical poet and his poems involves social criticism with philosophical background from 1980s with “Morning Breathe” (1985) to 1990s with “Sudden Mirrors” (1994) and 2000s with “Flowers are all Sunflowers” (2001) and “Grammar of Love” (2008). Among all theses, and based on discourse and deep structure changes of Qeysar Aminpour poems in these three periods, author attempts to analyze the Protest issue which is one the mental problems of poets and authors from past to now and contemporary human is involved with it based on his/her surrounding issues in 4 sections of nature, naturology of Protest, existentialism, teleology, and moral grandeur and dignity of Protest. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        5 - The Comparison and Analysis of Post-Colonial Manifestations in Tayeb Salih “Season of Migration to the North” and Simin Daneshvar “Savushun” Novels
        Reza ناظميان maryam shokuhinia
        The effect of colonialism on the Third World is always under consideration in works of worldwide authors and poets. Post-Colonial Literature attempts to fight against colonialism by offering a true picture and clarifying the truth behind the matter. One of the most cert More
        The effect of colonialism on the Third World is always under consideration in works of worldwide authors and poets. Post-Colonial Literature attempts to fight against colonialism by offering a true picture and clarifying the truth behind the matter. One of the most certain purposes of Post-Colonialism theory is to understand the method of Colonialism approach in forming identities of colonialist and colonized to fight against this ideology. Iran and Sudan are among the countries that were under predominance of colonialism in some past periods. “Simin Daneshvar” and “Tayeb Salih” are among the contemporary Iranian and Sudanese authors who use Post-Colonialism novel framework to unmask and uncover historical truths about fighting against colonialists. Current study reviews and examines mentioned novels in their own time with Post-Colonialism point of view; it also examines consequences of Colonialism in Iran and Arab World using Analytic-Descriptive method. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        6 - The Analysis of Lyric Themes in Epic of Bahman-Name
        aliasghar babasafari کوروش  منوچهری
        Literary varieties are divided into Epic, Lyric, Pedagogical, and Dramatic literatures according to content. These varieties are interfered by each other; in other words, a lyric work may have some epic episodes and there may be some signs of pedagogical or lyric in an More
        Literary varieties are divided into Epic, Lyric, Pedagogical, and Dramatic literatures according to content. These varieties are interfered by each other; in other words, a lyric work may have some epic episodes and there may be some signs of pedagogical or lyric in an epic work; the presence of one literary variety in another variety, sometimes, adds to the work variation and attraction and sometimes causes the interruption of tone and language in literary works. Bahman-Name (5th and 6th Hegira century) is written by Iranshah-ibn-e Abi-al-khier is one the epic poems which is not devoid of lyric aspects. Reviewing the lyric themes and their harmony or disharmony with the epic text was done in this article, since epic and lyric are so different from each other in literature. Lyric themes, available in this poem, were extracted and classified in this article which resulted in identifying 12 lyric themes like: apology, oath, praise, elegy, eulogy, gravamen, pride, lampoon, and so on. Epic tone and archaism of language is observed in these lyric themes, too. The presence of lyric themes does not partition the epic tone and this work has a unity in tone. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        7 - The Traces of Ideology in the Early Literary Works of Mahmoud Dowlatabadi
        قدرت الله  طاهری
        One of the greatest Iranian novelists is Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, who is celebrated enough in the literary society of Iran and to some extent in the world due to his creative works. He has also gone forward in his works step by step, like every other author. In fact, he has More
        One of the greatest Iranian novelists is Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, who is celebrated enough in the literary society of Iran and to some extent in the world due to his creative works. He has also gone forward in his works step by step, like every other author. In fact, he has been affected by various and continually renovating discourses of contemporary history of Iran in such a manner that a part of his works has been written in response to theses discourses. In this research, the direct and indirect impacts of ideology and common discourses on Dowlatabadi’s novelettes in 40th and 50th decades are studied in terms of their being between novel and short story. These works were promising with a great author regarding to the writing of Kelidar, Missing Soluch, Bygone Days of the Elderly, although they might have a range of weak points as well. Furthermore, in choosing the themes and the characters which he has created and developed through his novelette, he may have been influenced by the ideology and discourses of his own time without being conscious. Finally, the topics used in his novelettes as well as the characters are not in harmony with their roots and their local culture, that is, they are not created for the referred culture and the characters just speak in Persian and wear local cloths without having any other common root with the country they live. Manuscript profile
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        8 - The influence of Persian Culture and Literature on Arabic Literature Case Study: Amthal-Moulad
        وحید  سبزیان‌پور
        The objective of the present article is to show the influence of Khosravani Wisdom and Iranshahri’s thoughts on Arabic Literature. The subject does not seem new. What is new is our approach to it. The article claims that in addition to bold traces of Persian wisdoms in More
        The objective of the present article is to show the influence of Khosravani Wisdom and Iranshahri’s thoughts on Arabic Literature. The subject does not seem new. What is new is our approach to it. The article claims that in addition to bold traces of Persian wisdoms in Arabic Literature, most part of more than a thousand proverbs available in Arabic literature are of Persian origin. We have first introduced historical background facilitating the way to transfer of the proverbs into Arabic literature, and then we have traced back lots of Arabic proverbs to their roots to make sure of their origins. In addition, we have also referred to Dehkhoda’s Amthal-o-Hekam for common contents of Persian and Arabic proverbs. In some cases we have carried out critical study and analysis of some Persian literary texts, resulting to the fact that the influence of Persian wisdoms and thoughts on Arabic literature goes beyond the imaginations of not only the contemporary Arab scholars but also the Persian scholars. Manuscript profile
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        9 - A Study of the Status of Shams-i-Tabrizi's Qur’anic Gnostic Interpretations
        محمّد  خدادادي مهدی  ملک‌ثابت يدالله  جلالي پندري
        Undoubtedly, one of the greatest theosophists in the arena of Islamic theosophy is Shams al –Din Muhammad, known as "Shams Tabrizi" the well-known Sufi mystic of the seventh century AH. Who caused a great spiritual change in Jalaluddin Mawlavi. His views on variety of More
        Undoubtedly, one of the greatest theosophists in the arena of Islamic theosophy is Shams al –Din Muhammad, known as "Shams Tabrizi" the well-known Sufi mystic of the seventh century AH. Who caused a great spiritual change in Jalaluddin Mawlavi. His views on variety of mystical topics available in the only text ascribed to him, "Maqalaat-e Shams" compiled by others, are highly remarkable. He has innovative, unique views on Qur’an hermeneutics and interpretation that have not been discussed yet. Interpreting Qur’an, he reveals new layers of its which astonishes every learned researcher of Islamic mysticism. In this research we first introduce Shams’s views on interpretation in general, and the necessity of considering them, then study his views on the Qur’an hermeneutics in particular, in a systematic way. He believes that the perfect man of his time is the manifest of the Qur’an. He believes that there is no end for the layers of the Qur’an, and it is superficial to claim it has seven or seventy layers. He knows the Prophet Mohammad as the first person to interpret the Qur’an. In a general classification, we can see that Shams has used four ways to interpret Quran: 1) to interpret a word as it is used for another word or concept, 2) to interpret a verse by adding a word 3) to interpret a verse through providing the certain reason for its firs revelation, and 4) to justify some terms and expressions. Manuscript profile
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        10 - Image and its Position in Iranian Portrait Painting
        جواد  عليمحمدي اردكاني مصطفی  گودرزی محسن  مراثی
        This article is an investigation into the position, importance, and effect of image on Iranian portrait painting. It is an intertextual analysis of Persian poetry and painting, focusing the elements of mysticism in both. The discussion is documented offering paintings More
        This article is an investigation into the position, importance, and effect of image on Iranian portrait painting. It is an intertextual analysis of Persian poetry and painting, focusing the elements of mysticism in both. The discussion is documented offering paintings from different Persian painting schools so that it can better show how this field of art has always used the element of image and mystical understanding to convey a figurative universe. The article, first, introduces image and its position in Iranian painting, then contrasts the figurative elements in both Persian poetry and portrait painting, and finally concludes that Persian painting, using institutionalized signs and symbols in poetry has created its own figurative and ideal human. This feature can be found in Persian painting up to the first half of Qajar reign in the 13th century A. H.. Manuscript profile
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        11 - The Trace of Historical Events in Three Fictions of Jalal Al-e Ahmad’s
        رمضان  یاحقی مجید  عزیزی
        Jalal Al Ahmad is an influential writer in Iran’s contemporary literature. There has always been a big controversy over him because of the social conditions of his time, and his own specific character. Most of his literary works are rich in references to social and hist More
        Jalal Al Ahmad is an influential writer in Iran’s contemporary literature. There has always been a big controversy over him because of the social conditions of his time, and his own specific character. Most of his literary works are rich in references to social and historical events, so that they mirror the social and cultural context of his time. Jalal was frank in both personality and his political stance. He was not a man of hypocrisy; so was in his writings, where he appears as a careful observer of the facts. The present research is an attempt to give a picture of the social and cultural context of his time, studying Jalal’s works (with focus on his three stories: Modir-e Madrese, Noon va-l-Qalam and Nefrin-e Zamin), as well as the books and writings about him. The finding of the study has provided good evidences on how concerned Jalal was about the society and the events around him, and how well he has portrayed his personal and social life in his works. Manuscript profile
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        12 - Study and Critique of Poetics
        Ahmad Tamimdari
        The main question of the research is that what is meant by poetry and how the contemporary approaches account for it. Does Poetry have a moral and educational content, or it is purely of aesthetic function? Can political and social issues be included in poetry, or it is More
        The main question of the research is that what is meant by poetry and how the contemporary approaches account for it. Does Poetry have a moral and educational content, or it is purely of aesthetic function? Can political and social issues be included in poetry, or it is essentially a matter of inspiration? The purpose of the present paper is to capture the most reasonable and modern understanding of poetry. To do so, various theories known as Poetics have been reviewed. Today, poetics and criticism of poetry is mostly understood in terms of cultural affairs and poetic inspiration. The Nature of poetry as inclusive of all the functions is the very cultural infusion or an important part of culture that seems pervasive. The research was done by reviewing old and new views on poetics, their comparison and contrast, and finally preferring one to the others. Manuscript profile
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        13 - Representation of Pre & Post-Revolution Iranian Society in Two Novels of Reza Barahani’s
        شهرام  زمانی سبزی تقی  آزاد ارمکی
        The mechanism of Social Thought in Barahani’s works is the base for the present paper. The portrait of pre & post Revolution Iranian Society painted vividly in two novels of Reza Barahani’s was studied based on Lucian Goldman's Genetical structuralism. The two novels a More
        The mechanism of Social Thought in Barahani’s works is the base for the present paper. The portrait of pre & post Revolution Iranian Society painted vividly in two novels of Reza Barahani’s was studied based on Lucian Goldman's Genetical structuralism. The two novels are “The Mysteries of my Homeland” (Les Mysteries du moon Pays) and “Azadeh Khanoom and her Author” (Dr. Sharifi’s Private Auschwitz). Key concepts of the novels were categorized according to Parsons in four categories of culture, society, politics and economy. Findings of the paper show that the mechanism of Social Thought in Barahani’s literature is of politico- cultural approach, in other words, Barahani’s novels are political, but, the political content is obtainable via culture. Manuscript profile
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        14 - Semiotic – Semantic Analysis of Farsi Political Novels during 1351 – 1380
        mostafa gorji
        One of the streams of contemporary story-writing is political one. Titles of political fictions regarding their theme are worth more consideration than any other types of streams, to the extent that studying political fiction with focus on their titles- as meaningful an More
        One of the streams of contemporary story-writing is political one. Titles of political fictions regarding their theme are worth more consideration than any other types of streams, to the extent that studying political fiction with focus on their titles- as meaningful and autonomous units- is a type of criticism of fiction the main goal of which is mostly to explore the dominant political thought of the text. Here in this article, the author has studied titles of nearly 100 political fictions with a semiotic and semantic approach. The corpus includes 22 stories published in 1350’s, 33 stories in 1360’s, and 46 stories in 1370’s. While %9 of the titles are linguistically simple, % 86 are compound. This comes from the fact that author’s try to attract the readers’ attentions to their works; moreover, the very nature of this literary genre entails ambiguity and obscurity. An epistemological look at the corpus reveals that about %30 of titles include the words expressing senses like human suffering. As for the political fictions of 1360’s, it amounts to %45. In semiotic – semantic analysis of the titles one more consideration was made due to the kind of oppositions in titles of different periods: Titles chosen for the stories in a period may be suggestive of dynamism, and freedom, while at another period they may imply inaction, and captivity. Manuscript profile
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        15 - The Process of Changes in meaning of the Word ‘Adab’ With Focus on the First Three Centuries after Islam
        اسماعيل  آذر
        “Adab” in tradition of the pre-Islamic Arabic culture was a word for good manners and customs inherited through generations. Due to the importance of teaching and training, the term applied to all branches of knowledge, except divinities, but the word Ta’dib (teaching ‘ More
        “Adab” in tradition of the pre-Islamic Arabic culture was a word for good manners and customs inherited through generations. Due to the importance of teaching and training, the term applied to all branches of knowledge, except divinities, but the word Ta’dib (teaching ‘Adab’/ good manners) was considered synonymous with teaching. So it went after Islam. Arabs’ contacts with other nations, especially during the first three centuries, caused the extension of the term’s significance so that it included all sciences, crafts, and sports. In this period, ‘Adab’ meant witty, innovative and subtle points. A learned witty person was referred to as ‘Adib’, i.e. a man of ‘Adab’. By the end of the third century, the term was commonly used for word study. In the fifth and sixth centuries it referred to inflection, syntax and rhetoric. Changes in connotations of the term ‘Adab’ was linked with the social history of nations. In Farsi language, it means courtesy and good manner; it also is a word for literature. Manuscript profile
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        16 - The Portraite of Hasank-e-Vazir In Literary and Historic Texts of Ghaznavid Era
        Esmaeel Shafgh سمیرا  جهان رمضان
        Hasank-e-Vazir is an eminent figure in Persian history and literature. In prose and poems of the Ghaznavids era, there can find referrences to him. He had a multifarious personality and was influential politically, socially and culturally. This Article studies different More
        Hasank-e-Vazir is an eminent figure in Persian history and literature. In prose and poems of the Ghaznavids era, there can find referrences to him. He had a multifarious personality and was influential politically, socially and culturally. This Article studies different aspects of his social and political life. Hasanak’s position of ministry in the time of Mahmud Ghaznavi-his powerful supporter- resulted in removing many mamonit opprtunist from governmantal affairs. He was executed for being Ghermati because of the slanders from his courtier enemies and by explicit order of Abbassi caliph’s. He was a patriotic person in Ghaznavid era. When Iran was dominated by Turks, he tried to maintain Iranian culture, its national identity, and a kind of nationalism .They accused him of being Ghermati following his meeting Fattemi Caliph, and his insistance in protecting this identity. We must admit that he had a leaning toward this sect, since one of its goals was establishing Justic. Manuscript profile
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        17 - Contrastive Analysis of the Two Narratives of “Anahid” and “Kermanian Princess”
        جمشيد  مظاهري آرمان  ماناسريان
        The Iranian and the Armenian are two nations of rich folkloric heritage, which reminder of the rise and fall of their history. The objective of the present article is to introduce the features of form and content of “Anahid” and “Kermanian Princess”. Their contrast show More
        The Iranian and the Armenian are two nations of rich folkloric heritage, which reminder of the rise and fall of their history. The objective of the present article is to introduce the features of form and content of “Anahid” and “Kermanian Princess”. Their contrast shows that the two nations’ common grounds and motives was the main factor in their development. Clearly, one of these societies might have been the origin of the narratives. The research method is library based. Our main references for analysis of “Kermanian Princess” and “Anahid” were “Jame’-ol-Hekayat”, a manuscript of the late 10th H. and early 11th H., and the famous book of “Armanian National Narratives” by the well-known Armenian folklorist, Qazares Aqayan, respectively. In the present research, we have studied the content, structural, and folkloric features of narratives based on Vladimir Propps theory, cited in his “The Theory and History of Folklore”. Manuscript profile
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        18 - Shahnameh in the Arab World
        قاسم  مختاري محمود  شهبازي مژگان  نصيري
        Firdowsi is the famous Iranian poet who, by composing the epic of Shahnameh (The Book of Kings), secured a prominent place for himself in Persian literature. The first Arabic translation of the book was made in the 7th century A.H. by Fath Ibin Ali Bondari Isfahani by t More
        Firdowsi is the famous Iranian poet who, by composing the epic of Shahnameh (The Book of Kings), secured a prominent place for himself in Persian literature. The first Arabic translation of the book was made in the 7th century A.H. by Fath Ibin Ali Bondari Isfahani by the decree of Malek Mo’adham Issa Ayoubi. However, the translation being in prose and consequently ignoring almost all the aesthetic aspects of the book, had literally no influence on Arab writers. In the current century and thanks to the indefatigable attempts of some Arab writers and critics, such as the prominent Arab scholar Abd-al-Vahhab Izam who also knows Persian very well and has conducted many researches on Shahnameh in Arabic, Shahnameh has found its place among Arab authors and poets who confessed the greatness of Ferdowsi’s unique work. However, the stories of Shahnameh did not reflected that much in Arabic poetry. There may be three reasons for this fact: tendencies to western literature, prose translations of shahnameh where its poetic features have been lost, and the lack of an epic heritage in Arabic literature. Manuscript profile
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        19 - Criticism of the Research Approaches to the History of Iranian Play "Ta'ziyeh"
        على  شيخ‌‏مهدى مصطفی  مختاباد
        This article seeks to explain that any fundamental study about Ta'ziyeh inevitably leads to a chronological investigation of theatrical play in Iran. Therefore, this article, has reviewed the studies conducted by western and Iranian scholars in this field and the eight More
        This article seeks to explain that any fundamental study about Ta'ziyeh inevitably leads to a chronological investigation of theatrical play in Iran. Therefore, this article, has reviewed the studies conducted by western and Iranian scholars in this field and the eight approaches, using documents and the library references, and employing a historical-expository methodology. Finally, it draws the conclusion that these scholars’ persistence in finding a single origin for the Iranian theatrical play of Ta'ziyeh has led them to ignore its extensive connection with other possible original sources; hence, there remains a lot to be explored about the theatre in Iran. Manuscript profile
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        20 - Power Relations In "Shazdeh Ehtejab" Novel
        محمدعلي  غلامي‌نژاد Zainab  Saberpour
        Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a branch of linguistic studies which deals with such concepts as power, domination and ideology. The present article surveys the relations between the power agents in "Shazdeh Ehtejab", and the changes in the shapes of applying power More
        Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a branch of linguistic studies which deals with such concepts as power, domination and ideology. The present article surveys the relations between the power agents in "Shazdeh Ehtejab", and the changes in the shapes of applying power from a CDA approach. To do this, we closely studied the artistic and fictional arrangements of the text, analyzed it as a discourse product of its historical context. Considering the events and the figures of the time when this novel was written, and its social- political context reveals that the contrast between the intellectuals and the totalitarian government has drawn the author toward the meaningful selection of historical events. Under the influence of the intellectual discourse of his time, Golshiri represents the power and violence, leading to the degradation of Qajar royal family. In this way he has set a balanced analogue between his work and the social- political conditions during Pahlavi's regime. Manuscript profile
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        21 - Analysis of “Seir-ol-Ebad Elal-Ma’ad” by Sannayi
        معصومه  غیوری
        The poetic work entitled as the couplet poetry of “Seir-ol-Ebad Elal-Ma’ad” is an interesting work in the field of Islamic mysticism and a story on spirit’s journey to a supernatural world. Although this poetic work is affected by Prophet Mohammad’s Ascent and the previ More
        The poetic work entitled as the couplet poetry of “Seir-ol-Ebad Elal-Ma’ad” is an interesting work in the field of Islamic mysticism and a story on spirit’s journey to a supernatural world. Although this poetic work is affected by Prophet Mohammad’s Ascent and the previous ascents, it manifests the most pure spiritual and mental maturity of the poet in an elegant and lofty manner. Seir-ol-Ebad Elal-Ma’ad is a journey within self, and the mysterious human spirit; enjoying a high number of symbolic images originated in the general and great treasury of mankind’s knowledge and passion since the creation of universe. Seir-ol-Ebad Elal-Ma’ad is the story of spirit’s journey, the ascent, resurrection and birth in the creation, all in a comprehensive spiritual atmosphere. This article presents an analysis of this work from mystical, mythical and psychological points of view in the following four sections: 1. Desire to return to the beginning (analysis through mythology and mysticism) 2. Individuality and the evolution of mental characteristic (analysis of Seir-ol-Ebad within the domain of psychology) 3. The rite of heroic path or the opening ceremony ( analysis of the work in the domain of rites and mythological ceremonies) 4. Resurrection and progression cycle ( analysis of the last part of Sanayi’s journey in giving meaning to the materialistic life Manuscript profile
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        22 - A Reflection on the Application of “Positive Theology and Negative Theology” in Persian literary and Mystical Texts
        سيده مريم  ابوالقاسمي
        “Positive theology and negative theology” are common mystical expressions literature, interpretation. These two expressions are categorized as “collocations” in the semiotics of mystical expressions. After Ibn-Arabi, these two terms became more common. Once he offered h More
        “Positive theology and negative theology” are common mystical expressions literature, interpretation. These two expressions are categorized as “collocations” in the semiotics of mystical expressions. After Ibn-Arabi, these two terms became more common. Once he offered his theory, belief in “Positive theology and negative theology” found a new path; and later on several mystics and scholars were influenced by his theory and thought. This essay intends to survey the historical record of the function of these two expressions in the Persian poetry, literature and other texts. Stating the value and significance of these two expressions as a controversial topic in different eras, survey of the conceptual transformation and functional domain of these two words are the other goals pursued through this article. Manuscript profile
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        23 - Survey and Analysis of Native Elements (Religious and National) in the Greatest Persian Novel
        mostafa gorji
        “Kalidar” is one of the most prominent contemporary novels which has failed to be analyzed and surveyed through a variety of aspects by critics. One of these dimensions is the study of the fields and aspects associated with the elements leading to nativity and the Irani More
        “Kalidar” is one of the most prominent contemporary novels which has failed to be analyzed and surveyed through a variety of aspects by critics. One of these dimensions is the study of the fields and aspects associated with the elements leading to nativity and the Iranian-Islamic identity; as discovering its supporting fields would lead to the recognition of the mental and psychological background of the story characters. In this case, nativity means elements dealing with the national and religious identity which makes a distinction among the Iranian and Islamic culture with the other cultures and subcultures. The writer of this essay has surveyed “Kalidar”, a novel by Mahmoud Dolat-Abadi, through this approach and attitude; categorizing and then analyzing the most significant native elements in two sections; elements related to the Iranian culture (national) and the Islamic culture. In the national elements there is emphasize on the rituals, rites and beliefs, in common beliefs the rites and rituals are of notice, while historical rituals and myths and stories are also alluded too. The most important religious and native elements, regarding the issue of rituals and traditions in this work, is inspired by the great event of Ashura in the fate of Gol-Mohammad; where the writer shows the similarity between those two in fifteen lines. This essay intends to reveal to what extent this novel has been influenced by native elements (national and religious) through a close survey. Manuscript profile
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        24 - Study of Rumi and Rumi-Researchers in English Speaking Countries
        Ahmad تميم‌داري
        The subject of this paper relates to comparative literature and the impact the literary figures, thinkers and illustrators have taken from Persian literary works; especially Rumi’s most significant and prominent works. The method of research in this essay is referentia More
        The subject of this paper relates to comparative literature and the impact the literary figures, thinkers and illustrators have taken from Persian literary works; especially Rumi’s most significant and prominent works. The method of research in this essay is referential and inductive. We have made an attempt to become familiar with the great American and English men of letters; ones who have compiled important works through either translation or adaptation and made a serious effort to introduce the Persian literature, especially Rumi’s poetry in the English speaking countries. Since the eighteenth century, and following movements such as studying Iran, Islam, and the East, Persian literature was noticed and therefore some of the literary men, scientists, and illustrators begun translating and adapting the Persian literary works. It was in the same century that the study of Rumi’s works became significant. The English and American Transcendentalists both idealized the school of Transcendentalism through studying and having researches on Rumi’s works. It was about late nineteenth century, in 1870, that Mankar Daniel Canoy published The Sacred Anthology of Oriental Texts. Some of Rumi’s stories stated the ideals of social moral and behavioral issues. William R. Alger, one of Emerson’s friends, published The First American Anthology of Oriental Literature. Edward J. Brown translated the prose introduction of The First Volume of Massnavi into English. The climax of studies on Rumi’s works was done by Reynold Elaine Nicholson; who published eight books for the interpretation and paraphrase of Massnavi and actually devoted fifteen years of his life to this issue. Arthur J. Arbery is counted as one of the great thinkers in the field of Rumi studies. James J.Koan, an art teacher, rewrote fifty of the selected poems from Nicholson’s Poetry- taken from Shams Tabrizi’s Book of Poetry- in a modern poetic structure. And finally Andrew Harroy created some works as memorials of Rumi’s works. Manuscript profile
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        25 - The Influence of Rumi on Fuzi Mostari about Perfect Human
        سداد  ديزدارويج
        The comparison of the attitudes of the poets and writers of different countries on the major evolutions of thought and art is one of the most significant branches in the analysis of prose and poetic texts, and also one of the major discussions in literary criticism. Com More
        The comparison of the attitudes of the poets and writers of different countries on the major evolutions of thought and art is one of the most significant branches in the analysis of prose and poetic texts, and also one of the major discussions in literary criticism. Comparative literature shows us the interaction of thoughts, literature and culture among two or even more nations; while it also reveals to what extent a culture, or thought of an individual person, or rather a nation, has been developed and influenced the world. Anyhow, this branch of literary criticism is among the most important debates and discussions in the “cross-cultural” studies too, and can even be considered as one of its major principles. Among the Bosnian poets, scholars, and writers, Fuzi Mostari enjoys a special and unique position, while he was deeply influenced by Rumi in a variety of aspects. This research was prepared through a documental and referential method, studying the valid and reliable sources and documents. A thorough study and research made it clear that Fuzi was indeed seriously influenced by Rumi in the basic principles, grounds, methods and even the devices used for discussing the concept and characteristics of “perfect human”. Manuscript profile
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        26 - Rostam vs. Arjan A Comparative Study of the Characters In Shahname and Mohabaharat
        حسينعلي  قبادي Alireza  Siddiqui
        Mohabahart is an Indian work of epic, which narrates the war of Pandowan between the five sons of Raja Pand and gurus, the sons of Raja, to rule over a region called, Hastnapur. In this eighteen-day war, Pandowan defeats his cousins. Arjan, one of the characters, who s More
        Mohabahart is an Indian work of epic, which narrates the war of Pandowan between the five sons of Raja Pand and gurus, the sons of Raja, to rule over a region called, Hastnapur. In this eighteen-day war, Pandowan defeats his cousins. Arjan, one of the characters, who shoulders a large number of responsibilities during different events, resembles Rostam in many ways. It is the objective of this paper to compare the two champions: their relations with gods, their marriage in a foreign land, having a son, becoming aware of revitalizing herb, going on seven dangerous journeys, and finally each killing his own brother. Attempts have been made to prove that due to the immigrations of the tribes from Iran to India, the Iranian beliefs, customs, and mythology, have had a profound impact on Indian epics. Manuscript profile
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        27 - Realism Fundementals and Structure in Fiction
        علی  شیخ مهدی محمود  طاووسی
        Realism, in a general sense, means fundamental will and tendency toward the objects outside the mind. Historically speaking, it has drawn the attention of the human mind. Aristotle has regarded the works of art as the imitation of nature. This idea has been strengthened More
        Realism, in a general sense, means fundamental will and tendency toward the objects outside the mind. Historically speaking, it has drawn the attention of the human mind. Aristotle has regarded the works of art as the imitation of nature. This idea has been strengthened even after his death. In the 19th century, first in France and then in the other countries, movements and schools emerged aiming at stabilizing the fundamentals of realism. The realist writer always uses convincing psychological innovations, internal and external causes to depict the characters interactions in social and personal structure. The present study describes realism, in a general sense and as a famous school in the 1990s. It also critically deals with its important types in fiction. Manuscript profile
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        28 - Apocalyptic in Sohrab Sepehri’s Hasht Ketab
        mostafa gorji
        Apocalyptic literature is one of the genre in the area of Sacred Books and religious-faith texts. Apocalyptic literature foresee past and future events by tools of various types based on the culture dominating the society and its opinions and express it in form of art, More
        Apocalyptic literature is one of the genre in the area of Sacred Books and religious-faith texts. Apocalyptic literature foresee past and future events by tools of various types based on the culture dominating the society and its opinions and express it in form of art, literature and by codified and symbolic language. Top and complete type of this, exists in Hannah Sacred Book, Nostrdamous universal apocalyptic and Farsi Shah Nemat-U Allah Vali literature. (Divan Ashaar, 1373:228). This issue have been circulated in any period of art and literature specially in Farsi contemporary literature. Among these we can mention Sohrab Sepehri’s, Forokh Farrokhzad and the likes ones poetries. This article tries to criticize and analyze its type of literature in the past and its origins and then criticize Sepehri’s Hasht Ketan from this view point and analyze the apocalyptic singled out in the ten areas such as dream and the likes. The major points is that pointing the first apocalyptic (poetic revelation and apocalyptic), Sohrab points to its second meaning namely apocalyptic while pointing the manifestation related tools proior to deal with the prediction itself and the event concerning the Last Time. Manuscript profile
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        29 - Dignity of Science in Islamic World and its Reflection in Persian Literature
        مهدي  محقق
        Due to its intrinsic dignity, science has been taken seriously in Islamic world; it has been presented attractive, pleasant and instructive apophthegms about its Value and respect, and dignity of scientists. Partly, these excellent apophthegm found their ways in to mind More
        Due to its intrinsic dignity, science has been taken seriously in Islamic world; it has been presented attractive, pleasant and instructive apophthegms about its Value and respect, and dignity of scientists. Partly, these excellent apophthegm found their ways in to minds and speeches of literary scientists and sophisticated literary men and thereby beautiful verses and words in deference to seience and scientists created. This short essay addresses Islamic faith and beliefs of science dignity reflections in Persian literature. Manuscript profile
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        30 - Prophet Mohammad in the Paraphrasing Attitude of Shams-Eddin Mohammad Tabrizi
        mostafa gorji
        Most of the Persian literary texts, speak about the prophets and their stories, and the mystical texts have focused on this issue seriously. In Shams's “Maqalat”, due to his paraphrasing mind-structure, the events mentioned in the history of the prophets' lives is parap More
        Most of the Persian literary texts, speak about the prophets and their stories, and the mystical texts have focused on this issue seriously. In Shams's “Maqalat”, due to his paraphrasing mind-structure, the events mentioned in the history of the prophets' lives is paraphrased and at the same time, their sayings are interpreted according to the author's beliefs and ideology. These Maqalat were written either on the basis of reasoning and solid proofs, and also for elaborating the author's attitude, or for blessing, rejoice, as flashes of mind or for introducing a perfect human in all aspects. In this regard, Prophet Mohammad is the high and superior example of such a human. This article discusses the Prophet's features from this perspective within Sham's Maqalat. It then shows the paradoxical points in Sham's works. The important point is that in this work, Shams has had in mind the most general topics in the domain of prophetical manners to even answers for some of the taboo questions; which are at times innovative and new. For example, there is even a comparison made between the author himself with Prophet Mohammad or other prophets and at times, he disagrees with them. The implicit comparison of Rumi with the Prophet of Islam is another one of the issues mentioned. The other matters discussed include; major features of Prophet Mohammad, Mohammad's obvious sciences, the value of the voiceless Quran versus the speaking Quran, the magnificence of the Quran for the sake of Mohammad and not for the sake of God, God's special guest, the beloved Mohammad in the cloth of the lover, Mohammad's spiritual light, Prophet Mohammad as the great starter of life in the universe, other people as wandering birds, God's need for Prophet Mohammad, the inherent knowledge imparted by God (known as "Elme-Ladonni") etc. The article surveys and interprets all the mentioned issues. Manuscript profile
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        31 - CRITIQUE AND STUDY OF POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTENT OF TALE COLLECTION OF "SHAHRI CHUN BEHESHT" (A CITY SAME AS HAVEN)
        ليلا  يوسفي قدرت‌ الله  طاهري
        A tail collection called "shahri chun behesht" (A city same as haven) by Simin Daneshvar, is the product of political, social and cultural conditions of the years of fear and violence of the post-coup-d'etat of 28 Mordad 1332. the period in which aspirations of a nation More
        A tail collection called "shahri chun behesht" (A city same as haven) by Simin Daneshvar, is the product of political, social and cultural conditions of the years of fear and violence of the post-coup-d'etat of 28 Mordad 1332. the period in which aspirations of a nation who demanded independence and liberty, by conspiracy of alien counteries agents and some mistakes of religio-political leaders dissipated and feelings of hopelessness and defeat and failure spreaded in cultural society of Iran. In this collection, Daneshvar with her accuracy and intelligence has tried to show a part of bitter socio-political truths of those dark years of Iran's people. Short stories of Daneshvar, despite their importance in contemporary narrative literature, have been ignored in the shade of her more prominent novels such as Sovushon, Jazireh Sargardani and Sarban–e-Sargardan. This article is trying to reflect the light on one of the short stories collection of a such. Manuscript profile
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        32 - Pathology of Ascetic Behavior in Persian Sufi Literature
        علی‌اکبر  کیوانفر
        Asceticism, like other cultural phenomena, because of the special level it attained in Islamic Sufism has a great tendency to deviate from its primary origin and roll towards different kinds of damages. Muslim ascetics, themselves, were the first serious critics in the More
        Asceticism, like other cultural phenomena, because of the special level it attained in Islamic Sufism has a great tendency to deviate from its primary origin and roll towards different kinds of damages. Muslim ascetics, themselves, were the first serious critics in the domain of asceticism pathology, and have identified and fixed the damage from different angles. General account of this subject reveals that damages like falling into traps of arrogance, pride, an unfaithful and tradesman- like attitude towards ascetic efforts and using hypocrisy to gain public acceptance, have been noticed by the prominent characters of this domain since the first centuries of spreading Islamic asceticism and Sufism, and it has even been accelerated as the damages expanded more. This critical intra- discoursal view which is a prominent part of the Sufi literature has been much more successful in refining the Islamic asceticism. This article tends to display the unique and special role of pathological intra-discoursal view by refining it. Manuscript profile
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        33 - A Comparative Study of Education in Saadi’s Works and Tagor's Poems
        Ahmad حسنی رنجبر کاینا  ابراهیمی
        Undountedly different nations owe their educational doctrines to their intellectual characters. In order to understand the educational doctrine in Iran and other countries that is close or similar to Iran, studying Saadi’s and Tagor’s thoughts considered to be reasonabl More
        Undountedly different nations owe their educational doctrines to their intellectual characters. In order to understand the educational doctrine in Iran and other countries that is close or similar to Iran, studying Saadi’s and Tagor’s thoughts considered to be reasonable and significant. This research aims at dealing with this fundamental question that “what are the similarities and differences between the lyrical themes in Saadi’s works and Tagor’s poems?” Undoubtedly, the effect of cultural, climate, scientific, political and social factors has important role in forming these ideas, and is the reason of the similarities and differences in fundamental themes like paying attention to the nature of education, the value of life, death, aging, word, and etc. However, each one of these poets sometimes has his own ideas regarding a specific subject which is quite the opposite or independent of the other. In this article, the ups and downs of these poets’ ideas and their concordance and independence will be studied. Manuscript profile
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        34 - Religious Trend in Post-Revolutionary Persian Novel
        داوود  شادلو Zainab  Saberpour
        In contemporary fiction, a new trend in story writing emerged after revolution. Its agenda was to record the religious values as human virtues. This research aims at investigating the ups and downs and changes in this trend while the diversity and multiplicity of the wr More
        In contemporary fiction, a new trend in story writing emerged after revolution. Its agenda was to record the religious values as human virtues. This research aims at investigating the ups and downs and changes in this trend while the diversity and multiplicity of the writers and the works have also been considered. In this research, 15 stories of three different time periods including Islamic revolution, reconstruction and reforms have been chosen and analyzed in a targeted way to illustrate all the aspects of Iranian writers’ efforts in writing religious novels. In doing so, in order to analyze the texts and explain their relation to historical, social and political contexts, methods introduced in discourse analysis have been used with a focus on narrative components. An overview of novels in these three decades shows the general trends related to the main political and social discourses. In 1980’s, some first time novelists mostly consisted of sensational revolutionary young writers published their novels. Revolution, war and the related values were the main themes in these writers’ works, and in most of their works, religious insights have been affected by the dominant political discourse. In the second period, religious novels targeted more diverse themes and audiences, and tried to communicate their insights in a more diverse and novel ways. In the third period, the writers paid more serious attention to the artistic form for reflecting the themes which match the writers’ worldviews and approaches. Manuscript profile
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        35 - Children's Literature and Contemporary Ideologies
          Ayeshe Khoje
        Children’s literature does not have a long history in Iran and works in this field goes back to the era of Iranian constitutional revolution and the modernization of Iranian society. It is clear that modernism and its ideologies such as liberalism, nationalism and Marxi More
        Children’s literature does not have a long history in Iran and works in this field goes back to the era of Iranian constitutional revolution and the modernization of Iranian society. It is clear that modernism and its ideologies such as liberalism, nationalism and Marxism have contributed to the emergence and development of children’s literature. The fact that how two of the most famous children works of that time (“Ahmad's Book” and “Little Black Fish”) were ideological, can be considered as a proof for this claim. For this reason the main question in the present research is the nature of the relation between contemporary ideologies and children’s literature, and to answer this question two stories, Ahmad's Book (1932) and Little Black Fish (1968) and also the poems in the textbooks of the first Pahlavi era (1925-1941) are studied while each one of them can be assigned to one of the main ideologies in Iran's contemporary history before the Islamic revolution. Due to the fact that different contemporary ideologies have different attitudes towards children, they provide different norms and patterns for children's literature. For example, according to liberalism, which is represented roughly by Talboof’s “Ahmad’s book” the appropriate literature for children is the one that acquaints them with various aspects of critical thinking while nationalism – the poems selected from children’s textbooks in Pahlavi era reflect this ideology- want to create and institutionalize a sense of devotion and sacrifice in children. According to Marxism as the most revolutionary contemporary ideology, the appropriate type of literature for the children is the one that enlightens them (class consciousness, etc.), and make them ready for the final battle to transform the society. Manuscript profile
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        36 - Folk Literature and Culture and Official lyrics
        Narges Oskouie
        Official literature is full of poetic claims in different themes (eulogy, love, mysticism, libel, facetiousness, epic, exposition, glory, complaint and etc.). Although it seems that poetry and literature are not in need of analogy and affidavit and other ways of logical More
        Official literature is full of poetic claims in different themes (eulogy, love, mysticism, libel, facetiousness, epic, exposition, glory, complaint and etc.). Although it seems that poetry and literature are not in need of analogy and affidavit and other ways of logical reasoning to prove the exaggerated literary claims, in fact the poets and a literary person usually benefit from methods similar to logical reasoning (claim, evidence, reasoning) like simile, allusion, and allegory (proverb, story and fable), proverbial method, discursive practices, and oath in order to express what they have in mind and to objectify the abstract concepts. Meanwhile, paying attention to “Folklore” plays an important role in strengthening and explaining the poet’s mental and intellectual principles in literary expression, and it acts like supporting evidence and the background for proving the claim in literary causal methods. This article analyzes the important role of folk literature and culture in consolidation of semantic and rational foundations of official literature Manuscript profile
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        37 - The Effect of Social Classes on the Poems of Mashrooteh Poets with A Focus on Farokhi Yazdi And Iraj Mirza
        عبدالله  حسن‌زاده میرعلی Ahmad Khatami - -
        From sociology of literature point of view, literary creation is not a personal matter, but rather a social one. Since the society plays a fundamental role in formation of individual characteristics, and the style is not separated from writers’ characteristics, we can More
        From sociology of literature point of view, literary creation is not a personal matter, but rather a social one. Since the society plays a fundamental role in formation of individual characteristics, and the style is not separated from writers’ characteristics, we can say that in creation of any literary work, society has the most significant role. The writer’s social insight and his position against different events are remarkably affected by social status and social classes. Hence, we can analyze a writer’s literary style based on the social class he belongs to. Presenting an introduction on how writers’ world view is related to their social classes according to Goldman¬’s theory of social classes, this paper also has a glance at IrajMirza and Farokhi Yazdi's social status. Then, the major stylistic differences between them will be compared. The findings show that the aforementioned writers’ outlooks are different in some domains such as social/religious criticism, freedom, patriotism, anti-colonialism, anti-authoritarianism, defiance and tendency to luxury Manuscript profile
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        38 - An anlysis on the Poetry and Literary History of Kohgilooye and Boyer Ahmad since Safavid Era with an emphasis on a few poets (Mirza Showghi, Hossein Panahi)
        - - سیدجعفر حمیدی
        Due to being away far from the capital of Iran as well as its economic deprivation and sociopolitical limitations, the literary status of Kohgilooye and Boyer Ahmad has not yet been analyzed in a proper way. This article, first introduces the social and political status More
        Due to being away far from the capital of Iran as well as its economic deprivation and sociopolitical limitations, the literary status of Kohgilooye and Boyer Ahmad has not yet been analyzed in a proper way. This article, first introduces the social and political status of this province since Safavid era. Then, the literary history of this part of Iran will be studied. In doing so, biography of some of the late and recent famous poets have been studied in this location and during this time section. Among them, two poets from two different eras seem to be more famous and influential comparing to the others.The first poet is Mirza Showghy from Naseri era. Through expressing publicly accepted religious concepts including the event of Karbala, praising the holy prophet of Islam and the leading Imams as well as writing his poems in the dialect of Kohgilooye and Behbahan, he could perpetuate his influence on the people’s minds of that era, as well as the next generations. Amongst the contemporary poets, Hossein Panahi has been recognized as a national figure. He was a cinema, theatre, and TV actor and director. By publishing his poems, he could be recognized by different audiences inside and outside of Iran Manuscript profile
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        39 - Introducing and Analyzing the History of Tankalucha Manuscript 1074 A.H.
        Mahmood  Tavoosi Minoo  Asaadi Zahraei
        According to the ancient sources, Tankalucha manuscript is one of the oldest works related to astronomy which has been written in Sassanid era based on Iranian astronomy and stories of the time it was written. According to astronomical literature, after being written in More
        According to the ancient sources, Tankalucha manuscript is one of the oldest works related to astronomy which has been written in Sassanid era based on Iranian astronomy and stories of the time it was written. According to astronomical literature, after being written in middle Persian (Pahlavi), Tankalucha has been translated into Syriac and later into Arabic in Islamic era. This work has been an information resource for the large number of other works related to astrological literature. Although, there is no evidence of its Syriac translation, there are some manuscripts of its Arabic and Farsi translations, and Tankalucha 1074 H.A. is one of its Farsi translations. Tankalucha 1074 A.H. was rewritten by “Mohammad Taghi-ibn-e-Haji Mohammad Mashadi” in Nastaliq by the command of the king. Subject of the manuscript is foretelling and explanation of the fortune in 360 degrees in ecliptic circle. The unique characteristic of the manuscript which makes it different from the former and latter manuscripts is its motifs. In fact the motifs are visual interpretations of the foretelling texts. No significant difference is observed in any of the other manuscripts except for “the style of calligraphy” and “the date of writing”. This article has two goals. First, it answers the question that whether Tankalucha 1074 A.H. was the only manuscript containing motifs. According to the description of the illustrated Tankalucha in the poems of the two poets of the 6th (hijri) (Khaqani and Nizami) illustrated Tankalucha (11th century) goes back to 6th century, and this rejects its uniqueness. On the other hand, in historical resources, Tankalucha goes back to pre-Islam era. The main goal of this article is learning about the history of the book, and finding the answer to the question that Tankalucha expresses the beliefs of which group of people. According to some external old resources and focusing on some of the elements in Tankalucha 1074 A.H. text, and its representation in motifs lead us to Citation to the beliefs of Sabian religion. Manuscript profile
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        40 - Analyzing themes of Resistance in the Folk Literature of the Persian Speaking Countries
        Reza  Chehreghani
        Although theorizing the resistance literature does not have much of a history and it does not go beyond the early twentieth and late nineteenth centuries, an overview of the literature of various nations shows that the themes of resistance have always been present in th More
        Although theorizing the resistance literature does not have much of a history and it does not go beyond the early twentieth and late nineteenth centuries, an overview of the literature of various nations shows that the themes of resistance have always been present in the official and folk literature of many ethnicities and nations. Despite this historical background, so far, there has not been a comprehensive, serious, and independent study to examine the themes of resistance in the oral literature of Muslim nations and this issue has been neglected, even in recent years, when research on the resistance literature has flourished. In response to this, the present article has tried using a descriptive-analytic method to examine the issue of resistance in the literature of the three Persian-speaking countries of Iran, Tajikistan and Afghanistan - which have experienced authoritarian governments and many domestic and foreign wars. The results of this research show that in Persian language, poetry of resistance was born in the tradition of folk poetry and folk literature, which is consistent with the targets of the resistance poetry due to the wide range of audiences and influence over the masses. Manuscript profile
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        41 - Genre Frequency in Iranian “Maktabkhaneh” Literature
        saeme khorasani reza Haidari Nori
        The folk literature is part of the culture of people that conveys their imagination, feelings, desires, and thoughts from one generation to another and represents the ethical and aesthetic criteria of a nation through different eras. In fact, it is difficult or impossib More
        The folk literature is part of the culture of people that conveys their imagination, feelings, desires, and thoughts from one generation to another and represents the ethical and aesthetic criteria of a nation through different eras. In fact, it is difficult or impossible to understand and study the literary qualities of societies across history without understanding and examining their folk literature. Therefore, research on the rich treasures of Iranian folk and oral literature is of particular importance. This research aims at classifying the prominent works of Iranian folk literature into some limited specific groups according to the content and themes, and determining their genres. In order to determine the genre of Seventy Stories in "Iranian Maktabkhanei Literature" by Hassan Zolfaghari and Mahboubeh Heidari, each story has been examined in terms of three variables: content and theme, tone, and presentation. The results show that this kind of literature is mostly identifiable as belonging to didactic genre while the genres of epic and lyric have almost the same frequency. Also, the role of each sub-factor in making this genre effective is expressed separately.. Manuscript profile
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        42 - Analysis on the Structure and Pattern of Drama in “Haft Lashkar” (Comprehensive Scroll of Rhapsodists)
        Atefe  Nikkhoo Yadollah  Jalali Pandari
        Haft Lashkar, (/hæft læ∫kær/: The Seven Corps) is one of the instances of “Comprehensive Scroll of Rhapsodists” during the Qajar dynasty which has been written by an anonymous rhapsodist in 1292 (Lunar Hijri) (1875 A.D). Haft Lashkar has originally been the name of one More
        Haft Lashkar, (/hæft læ∫kær/: The Seven Corps) is one of the instances of “Comprehensive Scroll of Rhapsodists” during the Qajar dynasty which has been written by an anonymous rhapsodist in 1292 (Lunar Hijri) (1875 A.D). Haft Lashkar has originally been the name of one of the famous rhapsodic battle- narratives which was chosen as the title of one of the scrolls of Comprehensive Scroll of Rhapsodists due to its fame and prevalence. The narrative aspect of the text creates relation and connection between literature and drama. This type of storytelling that involves drama and playing the roles of different characters by the narrator, and imitating their manners and moves has led the storytelling towards a kind of dramatic narrative which is called “Dramatic Storytelling”. Meanwhile, although the rhapsodist has considered using the old narrations as a model, his subjective and structural manipulations add a dramatic feature to the text. Thus, because of the dramatic capacity of the scrolls, in this article the dramatic structure of the Comprehensive Scroll is studied. First, by defining the structure of dramatic play and identifying the differences between this structure and the narrative structure in this scroll, a specific model is introduced and explained. Eventually, applying Bart’s structural model of “episode” as involute events, the results of this research, has led us to the “narration-through-narration” event-oriented drama structure, which is different from the climatic drama in the Comprehensive Scroll of Rhapsodists, which has been illustrated in a table and a drama- narrative graph. The dramatic basis of this kind of narration has been revealed through action enhancement as well as increasing interaction between especial roles in the main narration in the form of an event-oriented drama. some suspense features resulted from this type of drama structure are: Using convergent events and developing the depth of the drama, and audience’s focus on the state of the events during the drama instead of concentrating on its ending. . Manuscript profile
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        43 - Studying the Trends in Fictions Written By Iranian Immigrants
          Reza  Shajari
        In recent decades, Iranian immigration and in particular the migration of the writers and the publication of their works have created a special phenomenon. Literary texts created by those writers and poets who are living abroad have established certain tendencies, trend More
        In recent decades, Iranian immigration and in particular the migration of the writers and the publication of their works have created a special phenomenon. Literary texts created by those writers and poets who are living abroad have established certain tendencies, trends and particular literary approaches outside the borders of the country. The collective body of literary works created abroad, have been named differently by different critic based on the characteristics and features that they have outlined. The authors’ issues, how they have left the country, how long they have been living abroad, and the content of their works are of great importance in defining and classifying these literary works. Furthermore, different trends can be identified in stories written abroad. In the present article, stories written by Iranian immigrants are analyzed as politics-oriented, identity-oriented, and women's stories. In the '60s up-to-the mid-'70s the politics-oriented stories are the most frequent ones. This trend is emerged by political groups and activists, and focuses on the revolution and the issues surrounding it. From the mid-70s onwards, the identity-oriented trend became the major one. In this trend, themes such as the differences between the motherland and the other-land, and the ways the immigrants encounter the new world are highlighted through the narratives about identity. Also, there were many immigrant female writers who narrated the lives and issues of female immigrants from a feminine perspective. In these stories, the ways in which women face the new world and the issues they encountered in Iran are amongst the main themes. Manuscript profile
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        44 - Discourse analysis committed and social literature Based on the ideas of Akhavān-Sāles
        Maryam Musharraf kulthum Miriasl
        Discourse analysis as a linguistic approach to social science examines how literary works relate to the social environment and how these environments influence their method and style. Discourse of “committed and social literature” is one of the well-known discourses in More
        Discourse analysis as a linguistic approach to social science examines how literary works relate to the social environment and how these environments influence their method and style. Discourse of “committed and social literature” is one of the well-known discourses in contemporary literature which is analyzed in this paper, using Laclau and Mouffe’s method. Here, the formation of this discourse and Akhavān-Sālesʾs approach to it has been studied. It is shown in this paper that the relationship between literature and society causes Akhavān-Sāles as subject to be influenced by linguistic and non-linguistic discourse functions and the power behind the discourse. He consolidated his discourse system by creating deconstruction in rival discourses (Moje-no, Individual Romance, and Formalist Literature) and understanding the empty pointers of non-own discourses (literature's attention and commitment to people and society). In the semantic system of his own discourse, he considers society and its needs (as an independent variable) including art and literature (as a dependent variable) and by emphasizing the centeral pointer of one’s own discourse, he defines other floating pointers (such as art, artist, Ghazal, poem and poet). Using some strategies mentioned in this research, he seeks to strengthen his own discourse and weaken non- own discourses. Manuscript profile
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        45 - A comparative analysis poetry and painting in Safavid era Based on theory of Henry Remak
        Morad Esmaeeli
        As an interdisciplinary study in comparative literature, this paper is to address the linkage between literature and painting in Safavid era. Integrating Remak’s theory of Comparative Literature and Art, this study is to disclose how the same concept can be represented More
        As an interdisciplinary study in comparative literature, this paper is to address the linkage between literature and painting in Safavid era. Integrating Remak’s theory of Comparative Literature and Art, this study is to disclose how the same concept can be represented in different forms in poetry and painting in that era. Findings show that poetries and paintings in the investigated era are not in the perpetuation of previously dominant styles. Rather, poetry and painting in this era has their own special paradigm. In fact, Safavid poets and painters enjoy a set of common principles which cannot be compared with the previous eras. Furthermore, secularism is one main presupposition which make the building blocks of thought and art in the era. Indeed, the poets and painters in the era have created their own work in various forms such as: realism, partialism (micro reading), entertainment-related reading, using surrounding elements, etc. which all are the main components of secularism. Manuscript profile
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        46 - Critical Discourse Analysis of Samad Behrangi’s “Mahi Siah Kouchoulou”Tale
        alireza moghadam      
        “Samad Behrangi” is a critic of the children's literature as well as the education system before him and tries to use the capabilities of children's literature to achieve his ideological goals.This study seeks to show how children's fiction, influenced by existing disco More
        “Samad Behrangi” is a critic of the children's literature as well as the education system before him and tries to use the capabilities of children's literature to achieve his ideological goals.This study seeks to show how children's fiction, influenced by existing discourses and the social structure that produces these discourses, offers a different conception of education and how discourses reflect the concepts of education.This research attempts to show how children's fictional literature influenced by the existing discourses and the social structure producing these discourses, affords a different conception of education and how discourses play a role in reflecting the concepts of education. In this study, an attempt was made to review, analyze and explain the story of Behrangi’s “Mahi Siah Kouchoulou”Tale from Norman Fairclough’s approach. Our goal is to show what discourse or discourses the text is referring to by accurately analyzing the story and what relationship does this text establish between education and the social and political dimensions? Situational context reinforces the assumption of the author's ideological point of view. The result of this research, based on the analysis of critical discourse, is that Behrangi in this story has described and criticized four common contemporary discourses, namely authoritarianism, nationalism, religion and the Marxist left. The fourth discourse is Behrangi’s dominant and dependence discourse. In this work, Behrangi tries to make his discourse superior to other discourses by choosing specific words, characters, places, and metaphorical aspects.The themes of education in this story are often influenced by the left discourse and other common confrontational discourses and are formed in opposition to the discourse of the system of domination (the discourse of tyranny). Manuscript profile
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        47 - The development of social identity in the story "Atr-e Sonbol, Atr-e Kaj" Based on the general theory of verbal humor
        Fatemeh Mozaffari Navid Firuzi
        "Atr-e Sonbol, Atr-e Kaj" is a Persian translation of the memoirs of Firoozeh Jazaieri Duma written based on her unique social experience as an Iranian immigrant living in the United States. The current paper aims to examine the components and mechanisms of the humor of More
        "Atr-e Sonbol, Atr-e Kaj" is a Persian translation of the memoirs of Firoozeh Jazaieri Duma written based on her unique social experience as an Iranian immigrant living in the United States. The current paper aims to examine the components and mechanisms of the humor of mentioned story based on the "General Theory of Verbal Humor". In this method, the variables used to examine a funny narrative are divided into six categories: language, target, situation, narrative strategy, logical mechanism, and Script Opposition. In the present study, which is based on the target variable; It has been shown how Firoozeh, by targeting people outside the group and within the group, introduces appropriate and inappropriate social behaviors that she has encountered and achieves a new and selective identity; An identity that neither alienates her from her past values nor isolates her in the new culture. Her verbal humor can create a group bond between readers of different races, especially female audiences. In addition, in her funny narrative, "target" is higher than "Script Opposition " (variable of laughter). Manuscript profile
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        48 - A comparative study of the concept of moderation inthe advices of the sixth "Dinkard" and in Ferdowsi's "Shahnameh
        zahra delpazi Mohammad behnamfar MOHAMMAD REZA RASHED MOHASSEL
        One of the basic concepts in Iranian thought is the principle of moderation in life affairs, which is clearly reflected in Pahlavi books and advice letters, especially in the sixth book of Dinkard, the most detailed advice letter in the Pahlavi language. In Ferdowsi's S More
        One of the basic concepts in Iranian thought is the principle of moderation in life affairs, which is clearly reflected in Pahlavi books and advice letters, especially in the sixth book of Dinkard, the most detailed advice letter in the Pahlavi language. In Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, which is considered as the summary of pre-Islamic Iranian culture, moderation is one of the basic principles that has been emphasized in various advices.In this article, we have tried to represent the similarities of these two books on moderation in a comparative way and with a content analysis approach. The results show that the concept of moderation in the Sixth Dinkard and Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh are very close to one another. In both books, thr extremes of excessiveness are examples of evil, and the good that lies between them is a symbol of moderation. On the other hand, goodness equals goodwill, good thinking and good speech; Three important principles of Zoroastrian thought that are directly related to reason and guide people to a rational life based on moderation.There is also a close link between moderation and justice that evokes the concept of "asha" in Zoroastrian thought.It is noteworthy that the concept of moderation in the sixth Dinkard is more consistent with the recommendations of the historical part of the Shahnameh, especially poems related to the reign of Khosrow Anoshirvan, and sometimes the recommendations are quite similar which could be the result of the direct influence of the sixth Dinkard on Shahnameh or due tocommon sources for the two books. Manuscript profile
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        49 - Sociological analysis of Shamloo's and AbuMazi's poetry based on Henry Zalamansky's theory
        marjan aliakbarzade zehtab Hossen Yazdani
        Social developments have been reflected in Iranian and Lebanese literature since the beginning of the twentieth century in an especial way, and the poems of Ahmad Shamloo in contemporary Iranian literature and the poems of Abu Mazi in contemporary Lebanese literature ha More
        Social developments have been reflected in Iranian and Lebanese literature since the beginning of the twentieth century in an especial way, and the poems of Ahmad Shamloo in contemporary Iranian literature and the poems of Abu Mazi in contemporary Lebanese literature have had special importance in terms of reflecting social developments.The present article aims to explain the reflections of social events in Shamloo and AbuMazi’s poetry based on the dominant content theory in Henri Zalamansky's sociology of literature with a descriptive-analytical approach based on the American School of Comparative Literature.The results of the research show that the contemporary social developments in Iran and Lebanon have a clear function in Shamloo and Abu Mazi's poetry and have created common themes in the poetry of these two Iranian and Lebanese poets.The two poets' response to the problems of their society - which, from Zalamansky's point of view, is reflected in various literary forms - is "the struggle for freedom". Shamloo depicts the struggle against the oppression of the Pahlavi regime and Abu Madi depicts the struggle against the oppression of the Ottoman empire.Concepts such as the hardships of immigration, patriotism, criticism of poverty and suffering of the people, complaining about the ruling tyranny, enlightenment and struggle against oppression, freedom-seeking and seeking justice are the social concepts of the poetry of these two poets. Manuscript profile
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        50 - Analysis of Women's Storytelling after the Islamic Revolution Based on the Cognitive Current
        sepideh seyyed faraji Farhad Tahmasbi Ruqayyah Sadraie
        After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, women's storytelling has developed. Both the number of female writers has increased and the themes of the stories have become more diverse. The political and social atmosphere after the revolution has also provided the ground More
        After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, women's storytelling has developed. Both the number of female writers has increased and the themes of the stories have become more diverse. The political and social atmosphere after the revolution has also provided the ground for the expansion and diversity of women's storytelling. In most of what women have written, the focus of the story and characters is on the issue of women. Some women in their stories search for their feminine selves and reflect this identification from the perspective of female narratives; This section of women's works deals with female narratives that describe the female world (in terms of identity, emotion, gender, etc.). Some of the works of women reflect the political and social issues of the time. In these stories, the role of women in politics and society is generally shown, most of these stories refer to the role of women in the revolution and the war. Some female writers also write popular narratives of life and society for audiences that are generally female. A number of other women narrate the contrast between tradition and modernity, sometimes arguing for tradition and sometimes protesting against prevailing traditions and beliefs. This study has been done to identify and introduce the currents of women's storytelling in the post-revolutionary years. Therefore, based on a cognitive current model, this reserch categorizes and introduces several currents of women's storytelling. To separate and recognize the currents, three factors have been considered: first, the political and social context of the emergence of the current is introduced, then the focal points of the current are shown, and finally, the initiators and continuators of the current are discussed. Manuscript profile
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        51 - Comparative Analysis of "Tiny Characters" in Folk Legends of Iran, Germany and Japan
        minoo hamedanizadeh soheila farhangi
        “Tiny characters” are among lovely and specific characters in world folk legends. They are very small children who have vegetable or human roots and are born into families that have longed for children, like “Nokhodi” in Iranian folklore legends. These characters can b More
        “Tiny characters” are among lovely and specific characters in world folk legends. They are very small children who have vegetable or human roots and are born into families that have longed for children, like “Nokhodi” in Iranian folklore legends. These characters can be seen not only in the tales of our country but also in the legends of other nations and can be considered and studied. Thus, this research aims to study and analyze Tiny characters, comparing them and defining their characteristics.Here to achieve this goal, we used Iranians’ folk legends, gathered by Fazl-o-allah Mohtadi (Sobhi), such as “Nokhodoo”, “Jastik Nokhodi” and “Nokhodi and Deev”. Also German folk legends written by Grimm Brothers, such as “Tom thumb”, “Thumb and Thumbling”; and Japanese folk legends written by Shogo Hirata and Florence Sakade, such as “Peach boy, Little One-Inch, Little One-Inch ” are used.This research tries to show the similarities and differences of Tiny characters in the folk legends of Iran and the world with a descriptive-analytical method and with the approach of comparative literature. These similarities can be found in the vegetable origin of most of these characters and their ethical features such as confidence, responsibility, braveness, intelligence, justice seeking, fighting against oppression and so on. There are also small differences in the type of their birth, how to achieve the goals, etc., which can be considered. Manuscript profile
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        52 - Survey of stylistic and rhetorical features of the folk tale "Madhumalat" based on an unknown version
        tahere mousavi Ziba Ghalavandi
        An Important part of oral literature is devoted to folk tales. The only copy of "The Story of Madhumalat" under number 803 is kept in the manuscript collection of India Office, London. According to the in-text evidence and stylistics of the version, this story was writt More
        An Important part of oral literature is devoted to folk tales. The only copy of "The Story of Madhumalat" under number 803 is kept in the manuscript collection of India Office, London. According to the in-text evidence and stylistics of the version, this story was written in the Safavieh era and in the Gurkanian court.This charming story - which is a beautiful example of sub-continental Persian prose - narrates the fate of Manohar, the prince of Kankar city, who falls in love with Madhumalat, the prince of Mahars city. He through the mediation of fairies, and also, alot of hardships, finally marry Madhumalat. Although Madhumalt's story is a folk romance, its prose is full of rhetorical subtleties.The present research, using the descriptive-analytical method, has surveyed this manuscript to explain and analyze its stylistic, literary and rhetorical features.The musical prose of the story along with the use of delicate literary techniques have added to the linguistic charms of this work. The intellectual and cultural atmosphere of the land of India as well as the indigenous and climatic elements of this land are clearly reflected in this story.Through this research, and during the introduction of this unique manuscript, the key role of the Persian language and literature in the Indian subcontinent during the Timurid and Safavid periods becomes more apparent. Manuscript profile
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        53 - Analysis of the effect of short words of Nahj al-Balaghah in Persian literature (with emphasis on the wisdom of 142 Nahj al-Balaghah, citing verses of the Quran)
        Fakhrieh Namazian Jalil Tajlil Ruqayyah Sadraie
        Roghaiyeh sadraie*** Nahj al-Balaghah, as one of the reliable sources that can be cited, has been called "Akho Al-Quran" (brother of the Quran). This book has been compiled by Sayyid Razi from the poets and jurists of the fourth century. Many truths of the Holy Quran More
        Roghaiyeh sadraie*** Nahj al-Balaghah, as one of the reliable sources that can be cited, has been called "Akho Al-Quran" (brother of the Quran). This book has been compiled by Sayyid Razi from the poets and jurists of the fourth century. Many truths of the Holy Quran have been described in this book.The present article uses the wisdom of 142 to examine the extent of the effect of short words of Nahj al-Balaghah in Persian literature and seeks to prove the deep and close relationship between the teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah and the Holy Quran and the impact of these teachings on Persian literature.In this article, the answers to the following questions are analyzed by descriptive method and by following the content of one of the acronyms. Is the source of the wisdom of Nahj al-Balaghah the divine knowledge of the Holy Quran? To what extent has the moral and divine knowledge of Nahj al-Balaghah dominated the Iranian literature?Obviously, the works of Persian literature have been influenced in various ways, including adaptations, allusions, inspirations, etc. from the source of revelation and, consequently, from the words of the Amir al-Mo'menin. In this article, the wisdom No. 139 of Nahj al-Balaghah has been pondered and revised with regard to the roots of words and the Quranic sources and its effect on Persian literature has been discussed. Scholars believe that Nahj al-Balaghah is the interpretation of the Qur'an. The subject of this article is to find the divine sources of the words of the Amir al-Mo'menin, and to show its reflection in Iranian literary works. Manuscript profile
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        54 - Investigating the evolution of modern humanism of female characters in Persian novels
        Parivash Mirzaeyan jahangir safari Narges  Bagheri
        Modernity and modern humanism have played an essential role in the growth of Iranian women's minds. One of the sources which reflect the changes and developments of modernity and modern humanism is Persian novels. This article based on Anthony Giddens' viewpoint inv More
        Modernity and modern humanism have played an essential role in the growth of Iranian women's minds. One of the sources which reflect the changes and developments of modernity and modern humanism is Persian novels. This article based on Anthony Giddens' viewpoint investigates the effects of modernity on Iranian women by reviewing selected Persian novels which were published in this three periods of time: from 1300 to 1320, from 1320 to 1345 , and from 1345 to 1357 . The research demonstrates that generally in the first period, the evolution caused by the prevalence of modern humanism has not been able to liberate women thinking from traditional perspectives. In the second period, growing the popularity of modernity elements has provided a variety of human interests and desires for women. Although increasing feminist ideas shows the prevalence of modern rationalism in this period, behavioral contradictions between women reveals the superficiality of the viewpoint among them. Overindulgence in following instinctive desires in the third period indicates a jump in humanistic thinking. During this period, the passivity caused by fatalism has also been criticized by the authors. Manuscript profile
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        55 - Discourse analysis of Persian language and literature education based on semantics, in order to Expand Cultural Diplomacy (case study: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Georgia)
        soheila  Rezaie Mehr Abbas Ali Vafaei davood   sparham gholamreza mastaliparsa
        Discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach in the fields of linguistics, semantics, literature, cultural relations, and international fields which analyzes and evaluates how meaning and message are crystallized and formed in relation to intra-lingual and extra- More
        Discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach in the fields of linguistics, semantics, literature, cultural relations, and international fields which analyzes and evaluates how meaning and message are crystallized and formed in relation to intra-lingual and extra-lingual factors. Discourses are a kind of language of power relations due to the use of language and linguistic power. Since coherent and common meanings and themes (Semantics-based) that are crystallized in language are also prominent manifestations of cultural power; the authors of this article sought to explain it on the basis of semantics and discourse analysis in the development of cultural relations. The most important findings of this study indicate that in the approaches of semantic discourse analysis based on common celebrities in the field of common (non-linguistic) civilization, themes, mental and especially mystical schemes between common Iranian and Turkmen celebrities are evident. It also has mystical and moral schemas for Iran and Uzbekistan, which can be of interest for the public. The themes and mental schemas of the Shahnameh and the themes of some of the love poems or even the themes of Omar Khayyam's poems, which have been most welcomed by Georgian scholars, can be considered in writing Persian language textbooks in Georgia to provide deep cultural ties with friendly countries in the field of common civilization. Manuscript profile
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        56 - A Study of Mystical Epistemology in the Poems and Prose of Abd-Al Rahman Jami
        raheleh mirakhorli ghodratollah Khayatian Azim Hamzeian
        In Islamic mysticism, there are scattered discussions of epistemological issues. The distinguishing feature of Islamic mysticism from other mystical branches is the high and stable position of knowledge in it. Jami (d. 898 AH) has also dealt with the issue of knowledge More
        In Islamic mysticism, there are scattered discussions of epistemological issues. The distinguishing feature of Islamic mysticism from other mystical branches is the high and stable position of knowledge in it. Jami (d. 898 AH) has also dealt with the issue of knowledge and related issues. The main question is what issues has he raised about this science and to what extent? This research has been done in a descriptive-analytical way in his works and the results show that knowledge is a gift from God and the basis and the results of his journey depend on knowing Hagh, so that the one who attains the true knowledge has reached the level of annihilation and survival of God. He has made important discussions about the degrees of knowledge and the place of the senses, intellect, heart,unveiling and finding. According to him, the level of human knowledge is to the extent that with the manifestation of truth, he can become aware of his proven condition. Manuscript profile
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        57 - Peace-sodality Iranians in the story of Fereydoun (One of Ferdowsi's Intellectual Features of his Epic)
        mohammad reza Keyvanfar Parvaneh A’del Zadeh kamran pashaei fahkri
        This article seeks to examine how the Iranian heroes think about peace in Fereydoun story. In this story, several peaceful methods are discussed. The wide distribution of wealth among the needy by Faraanak, the division of the world into three parts and pluralism in the More
        This article seeks to examine how the Iranian heroes think about peace in Fereydoun story. In this story, several peaceful methods are discussed. The wide distribution of wealth among the needy by Faraanak, the division of the world into three parts and pluralism in the method of governance, and the avoidance of individuality in the division of the world, which is the work of Fereydoun, Emphasis on dialogue in resolving conflicts among heroes and relying on finding a solution to peace and absolute rejection of violence, avoiding the use of military force to resolve disputes, not belonging to the world and avoiding stubbornness and struggle to stay in the power that is the characteristic of Iraj in front of his brothers, paying special attention to justice, and avoiding oppression and tyranny in Fereydoun's actions and speech. What Fereydoun has benefited from, as well as the actions of the words and thoughts of the Iranian heroes in Fereydoun's story, are in line with today's peaceful views. Manuscript profile
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        58 - The boredom and gestures of the modern subject in the poetry Introduction and analysis of the manuscript of Rawdat al-Mulûk
        ardeshir aleali Ahmad hasani hormozabadi ranjbar aliasqar HALABI
        Rawdat al- Mulûk is a book belonging to the ninth century AH by an unknown author; it is a literary book on practical wisdom. The book, like most of other books on ethics written after Khajeh Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, is basically an imitation or adaptation of the Nasirean More
        Rawdat al- Mulûk is a book belonging to the ninth century AH by an unknown author; it is a literary book on practical wisdom. The book, like most of other books on ethics written after Khajeh Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, is basically an imitation or adaptation of the Nasirean Ethics. The Shi’aauthor of the book knew literature and Arabic, and was interested in technical prose, and he intended to compile a book on ethics. Although, comparing other similar works, this book cannot be considered as prominent and distinguished, in writing this book, he has done his best and usedhis good taste. The book was written in the late Timuridera. Even though, authoring the books on ethics by Shi’a writers of that time has not been unprecedented, it can be considered one of the first, or perhaps the first known examples of the books on ethicswritten in literary form by Shi’a authors and presented to a Shia court. The book has been hidden for a long time since its completion, and the only well-known surviving manuscript of it was transcribed 160 years ago. Since for carrying out research in disciplines such as ethics and literature, we are required to review and critique all the old surviving works of these disciplines, the book needed to be critically edited. Considering that there is only a single edition of this manuscript, this was done by a scientific deductive method and using known sources of the text. Manuscript profile
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        59 - Rakhsh: horse entrusted from Garshasp to Rostam
        saeid shahrouei ebrahim mohammadi Sayyed Mahdi Rahimi
        In this article, by analyzing the text and using a comparative method, the similarities between Rostam and Gershasep are examined from the point of view of the physical characteristics of the horses of those two. After receiving the title of world heroism, Rostam stands More
        In this article, by analyzing the text and using a comparative method, the similarities between Rostam and Gershasep are examined from the point of view of the physical characteristics of the horses of those two. After receiving the title of world heroism, Rostam stands against Afrasiab who has sent a large army to invade Iran. But in order to stand against the Turanians and set foot on the battlefield, he wants two things from Zal: one is a mace and the other is a horse. First, Zāl gives the mace of Garshasp- his great grandfather-to Rostam and then, by gathering many herds of horses, provides the conditions for Rostam to choose a suitable horse. Rostam chooses a slim waist horse from various horses. Regarding to the meaning of Garshasp's name and also attending to many similarities between him and Rostam, such as: being born from mother's side, being similar in dealing with fire, falling into a holl, a similar battle with Akvān and Gandarva, etc. it is hypothesized that Garshasp, who means the owner of a thin horse, in addition to his mace, gives his slender horse to Rostam as well. So, Rakhsh can be a reflection of the part "Kres" or "Kresh" in the name "Garshasp" which means lean horse. Manuscript profile
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        60 - Literature beyond the world of zero and one A review of the literature from the perspective of Fuzzy logic
        Zohre Kafi Amir Hossein Madani
        To know this subject that the literature has Fuzzy nature not Aristotelian, can help audiences and analyzers to have a more open view when dealing with texts. Literature, like any other science and art, has the ability to be evaluated, and according to the logic that go More
        To know this subject that the literature has Fuzzy nature not Aristotelian, can help audiences and analyzers to have a more open view when dealing with texts. Literature, like any other science and art, has the ability to be evaluated, and according to the logic that governs it, one can judge whether any text is literary or not. For this reason, concepts such as literature, mystical literature, Aristotelian logic and fuzzy logic have been defined in this research, and then the relationship between literature and Aristotelian and fuzzy logic has been investigated. In this analysis, four main literary elements of a text (emotion, imagination, polysemy and form) have been analyzed in a fuzzy diagram along with an example of Persian literature. In all four cases, the result shows that a text can be placed in the circle of literature by having a degree of each of these four elements, and its literary ratio is determined according to the degree of these elements. In all four cases, the result shows that a text can be placed in the circle of literature by having a degree of each of these four elements, and its literary ratio is determined according to the degree of these elements. Manuscript profile
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        61 - Local color criticism of the novel The Fig Tree of Temples
        Khadijeh Bahrami Rahnama
        Local color criticism is one of the important approaches in literary criticism that examines the specific climate of a region and its influence on cultural, economic, political, geographical, etc components. Ahmad Mahmoud is one of those writers who has paid special at More
        Local color criticism is one of the important approaches in literary criticism that examines the specific climate of a region and its influence on cultural, economic, political, geographical, etc components. Ahmad Mahmoud is one of those writers who has paid special attention to the climate of the south, and elements of climate criticism can be found in his works, including the fig tree of the temples. Therefore, the present essay has investigated the issue of local and environmental elements in the novel The Fig Tree of Temples with a descriptive and analytical method. The results of the research show that geographical and regional coordinates have an effect on the formation of the type of clothing, architecture, occupations and political developments, and also, the author has reflected extensively on native and local elements, idioms and proverbs in this novel. Local color elements and nature have caused the formation of many popular beliefs, including tying to trees, lighting candles, making sacrifices for trees, etc. The author of the novel has reflected the hot and humid weather and low rainfall in Khuzestan by using Local color imagery, and the nature and climate of the south has become the basis for the conflict between two traditional and modern societies. Ahmad Mahmoud has placed the arrival of foreigners and oil smugglers as a useful tool for people's awakening in this novel. Manuscript profile
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        62 - Analyzing the Place of Nostalgia in Iranian Immigration Fiction with an Emphasis on Selected Female Authors (Akram Pedramnia, Nasim Wahabi, Fahima Farsai, Fariba Siddiquim)
        Mehrzad Matbouei Nejad Ahmad Khatami Mandana Mangeli
        One of the most important manifestations of migration literature is the component of nostalgia. The basic issue of this research is to answer the question of how such a component is reflected in women's fiction. The number of female Iranian immigrant writers, as well as More
        One of the most important manifestations of migration literature is the component of nostalgia. The basic issue of this research is to answer the question of how such a component is reflected in women's fiction. The number of female Iranian immigrant writers, as well as the fact that some of them have a style in immigration fiction, shows the importance and necessity of such a study. The purpose of this research is to investigate the place of the nostalgia component in the selected and prominent stories of immigrant women storytellers after the Islamic Revolution, using a descriptive-analytical method. The hypothesis of the research is that nostalgia is one of the most important and significant components of form and content in the investigated works. The results of the research show that nostalgia in the works of AkramPedramnia takes the audience to the atmosphere of the past with a detailed description of the past and this nostalgia reminds of a special person. Another technique that Pedramnia uses to create a sense of nostalgia is image. Nostalgia in Nasim Wahhabi's works is narrated from the aspect of a space - like the space of war. Nostalgia appears in FahimaFarsai's works in a disturbing way for the characters in the story. In the works of FaribaSediqim, nostalgia refers to situations that a person has experienced with his friends and relatives. Nostalgia for objects and places is not seen in Siddiquim's works. The important feature of the reflection of nostalgia in Siddiquim's works is that the nostalgic events are shown in a fluid form of the mind and the narrator talks about the past as if it is happening right now. Manuscript profile
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        63 - Analysis of the War in "Haras (The Pruning)" According to the Reception Theory
        Nikou Ghassemi Esfahani Elmira Dadvar
        Reception theory, places a premium on and holds the role of reader in interpreting the text in high regard. Wolfgang Iser is one of the founders of this theory, which believes a text has two artistic and aesthetic poles and relegates the role of meaning creator to the r More
        Reception theory, places a premium on and holds the role of reader in interpreting the text in high regard. Wolfgang Iser is one of the founders of this theory, which believes a text has two artistic and aesthetic poles and relegates the role of meaning creator to the reader. The texts classified as War literature have always had their audiences in the Persian contemporary literature. By having a critical approach to the Iran-Iraq war, different content and a new structure, "Haras (The Pruning)"of NasimMar’ashi, has managed to change the horizon of expectation of Iranian readers concerning War literature. In this paper, the two artistic and aesthetic poles of this novel will be analyzed based on Iser’s views on the reception theory and then we will refer to the elements that have influenced the interaction between readers and the text, leading to a new perception of war. Furthermore, this article attempts to analyze how this text has managed to satisfy the curiosity of contemporary readers by using modern and original elements. Manuscript profile
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        64 - Modern Immortality in the Teenage Novel (Case Study of Novels:"SanjābMahiy-e aziz"and "Shekārchi-ye Koose-yekar")
        Fatemeh Hadideh Mona Valipour
        The domination of science in the modern era and the effort to have a realistic attitude to all aspects of life have made people today unable to adopt the solutions of the ancients (such as eschatologicalimmortality) to face death. By examining different types of pre-mod More
        The domination of science in the modern era and the effort to have a realistic attitude to all aspects of life have made people today unable to adopt the solutions of the ancients (such as eschatologicalimmortality) to face death. By examining different types of pre-modern immortality, including ancestral, cultural, mystical, mythological, and eschatological, the present article has shown that their common components, i.e., communalness, certainty, and imagination, are almost opposite to the components of modern immortality. The components of modern immortality, which include individuality, uncertainty, memory (as opposed to the imagination), and the concept of eternal nature, are prominent in teenage novels of the 1390s. This research first reviewed the stages and tasks of mourning. While checking and determining the components of pre-modern and modern immortality, it has been showed the correspondence of each stage of mourning with different types of immortality. Then, relying on the novels of "SanjābMahiy-e aziz "and "Shekārchi-ye Koose-ye kar", the issue of death and the role of pre-modern and modern immortality are investigated in advancing the storyline, accepting another's death, and completing the tasks of mourning by the characters. It should be noted that the analysis of samples is based on qualitative content analysis with a descriptive-interpretive approach. The research results show that in both novels, resorting to pre-modern immortality components traps the characters in the initial stages of mourning, i.e. denial, searching, and bargaining. In contrast, the maturity of the characters with the completion of mourning tasks and reaching the stage of improvement and organization through the components of Modern immortality (centered on memory in the novel "SanjābMahiy-e aziz "and eternal nature in the novel "Shekārchi-ye Koose-ye kar" is realized. Manuscript profile